local function init()
    local obj = {
        root = {},
        options = {noreduce = {}}
    }
    
    obj._stack = {obj.root}  
    return obj  
end

--- @module XML Tree Handler.
-- Generates a lua table from an XML content string.
-- It is a simplified handler which attempts
-- to generate a more 'natural' table based structure which
-- supports many common XML formats.
--
-- The XML tree structure is mapped directly into a recursive
-- table structure with node names as keys and child elements
-- as either a table of values or directly as a string value
-- for text. Where there is only a single child element this
-- is inserted as a named key - if there are multiple
-- elements these are inserted as a vector (in some cases it
-- may be preferable to always insert elements as a vector
-- which can be specified on a per element basis in the
-- options).  Attributes are inserted as a child element with
-- a key of '_attr'.
--
-- Only Tag/Text & CDATA elements are processed - all others
-- are ignored.
--
-- This format has some limitations - primarily
-- 
-- * Mixed-Content behaves unpredictably - the relationship
--   between text elements and embedded tags is lost and
--   multiple levels of mixed content does not work
-- * If a leaf element has both a text element and attributes
--   then the text must be accessed through a vector (to
--   provide a container for the attribute)
--
-- In general however this format is relatively useful.
--
-- It is much easier to understand by running some test
-- data through 'testxml.lua -simpletree' than to read this)
--
-- Options
-- =======
--    options.noreduce = { <tag> = bool,.. }
--        - Nodes not to reduce children vector even if only
--          one child
--
--  License:
--  ========
--
--  This code is freely distributable under the terms of the [MIT license](LICENSE).
--
--@author Paul Chakravarti (paulc@passtheaardvark.com)
--@author Manoel Campos da Silva Filho
local tree = init()

---Instantiates a new handler object.
--Each instance can handle a single XML.
--By using such a constructor, you can parse
--multiple XML files in the same application.
--@return the handler instance
function tree:new()
    local obj = init()

    obj.__index = self
    setmetatable(obj, self)

    return obj
end

--- Recursively removes redundant vectors for nodes
-- with single child elements
function tree:reduce(node, key, parent)
    for k,v in pairs(node) do
        if type(v) == 'table' then
            self:reduce(v,k,node)
        end
    end
    if #node == 1 and not self.options.noreduce[key] and 
        node._attr == nil then
        parent[key] = node[1]
    end
end


--- If an object is not an array,
-- creates an empty array and insert that object as the 1st element.
--
-- It's a workaround for duplicated XML tags outside an inner tag. Check issue #55 for details.
-- It checks if a given tag already exists on the parsing stack.
-- In such a case, if that tag is represented as a single element,
-- an array is created and that element is inserted on it.
-- The existing tag is then replaced by the created array.
-- For instance, if we have a tag x = {attr1=1, attr2=2}
-- and another x tag is found, the previous entry will be changed to an array
-- x = {{attr1=1, attr2=2}}. This way, the duplicated tag will be
-- inserted into this array as x = {{attr1=1, attr2=2}, {attr1=3, attr2=4}}
-- https://github.com/manoelcampos/xml2lua/issues/55
--
-- @param obj the object to try to convert to an array
-- @return the same object if it's already an array or a new array with the object
--         as the 1st element.
local function convertObjectToArray(obj)
    --#obj == 0 verifies if the field is not an array
    if #obj == 0 then
        local array = {}
        table.insert(array, obj)
        return array
    end

    return obj
end

---Parses a start tag.
-- @param tag a {name, attrs} table
-- where name is the name of the tag and attrs
-- is a table containing the atributtes of the tag
function tree:starttag(tag)
    local node = {}
    if self.parseAttributes == true then
        node._attr=tag.attrs
    end

    --Table in the stack representing the tag being processed
    local current = self._stack[#self._stack]
    
    if current[tag.name] then
        local array = convertObjectToArray(current[tag.name])
        table.insert(array, node)
        current[tag.name] = array
    else
        current[tag.name] = {node}
    end

    table.insert(self._stack, node)
end

---Parses an end tag.
-- @param tag a {name, attrs} table
-- where name is the name of the tag and attrs
-- is a table containing the atributtes of the tag
function tree:endtag(tag, s)
    --Table in the stack representing the tag being processed
    --Table in the stack representing the containing tag of the current tag
    local prev = self._stack[#self._stack-1]
    if not prev[tag.name] then
        error("XML Error - Unmatched Tag ["..s..":"..tag.name.."]\n")
    end
    if prev == self.root then
        -- Once parsing complete, recursively reduce tree
        self:reduce(prev, nil, nil)
    end

    table.remove(self._stack)
end

---Parses a tag content.
-- @param t text to process
function tree:text(text)
    local current = self._stack[#self._stack]
    table.insert(current, text)
end

---Parses CDATA tag content.
tree.cdata = tree.text
tree.__index = tree
return tree